<i>In situ</i> treatment technologies for pit latrines to mitigate groundwater contamination by fecal pathogens: a review of recent technical advances

Abstract On-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines are extensively used around the world, while there is a growing number of evidence documenting impact on groundwater quality that may affect human health. Hence, this paper summarizes various safe-sanitation technologies by broadly categorizing them into fecal pathogen disinfection methods (anaerobic digestion, chemical disinfection, biological additives, solar pasteurization and vermicomposting) capturing (pit lining permeable reactive barriers, latter which simultaneously capture sanitize sludge in latrines). While some reviewed have been widely practiced for mitigating microbial contamination groundwater, others still early stage commercialization field validation. Though challenges to selection adoption most appropriate technology, discusses readiness each technology stand-alone management solution.